Conjunctions连词
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连词用来表达词语之间的关联。最为熟悉的连词是and(和), but(但), 以及 or(或)
 
      Paul and David  保罗和大卫
      cold and wet  又冷又湿
      tired but happy  疲劳但高兴
      slowly but surely  缓慢然而坚定地
      tea or coffee  茶和咖啡
      hot or cold  热或冷
它们还可以联接更长的单元。
 
      Paul plays football and David plays chess  保罗踢足球,大卫下象棋
      I play tennis but I don't play well  我打网球,但打得不好
      We can eat now or we can wait till later  我们可以现在吃,或待会儿再吃
连词有两类。并列连词(或者简称为并连词)联接两个句法地位“相等”的成分。
 
      Paul and David  保罗和大卫
      I play tennis but I don't play well  我打网球,但打得不好
      meat or fish  肉或鱼
由并连词联接的各项要素被称为并列项。因此在I play tennis but I don't play well这个句子中,并列项为 [I play tennis]以及[ I don't play well]。

另一方面,从属连词(或者从属词)联接句法地位不对等的成分。 
 

      I left early because I had an interview the next day  我早早离开了,因为第二天我有个面试。
      We visited Madame Tussaud's while we were in London  我们在伦敦的时候参观了杜莎夫人蜡像馆
      I'll be home at nine if I can get a taxi  如果能叫到出租车的话我会在九点到家
其他从属连词包括 although(尽管), because(因为), before(在……之前), since(自从), till(直到), unless(除非), whereas(然而,鉴于), whether(不管)。 

并列句和从属句在语法上是相当不同的概念。例如,并连词必须出现在并列项之间。
 

[Paul plays football] and [David plays chess]

 ~*And [David plays chess] [Paul plays football] 

 不过,我们可以调换并列项的顺序,只要还把并联词放在它们中间。 
 
      [David plays chess] and [Paul plays football]
与此形成对比的是,从属词不一定出现在所联接的要素之间。
 

I left early because I had an interview the next day我早早离开了,因为第二天有个面试

~Because I had an interview the next day, I left early 因为第二天有个面试,我早早离开了

但是如果我们调换要素的顺序,我们要么完全改变句子意思:  
 

      I left early because I had an interview the next day我早早离开了,因为我第二天有个面试

      ~I had an interview the next day because I left early我第二天有个面试,因为我早早离开了 


要么造出一个有问题的句子来:
 

      I'll be home at nine if I can get a taxi如果能叫到出租车的话我会在九点到家

      ~?I can get a taxi if I'll be home at nine  如果我会在九点到家的话,我能叫到出租车

这个例子表明由从属词联接的要素之间有着非常明确的关系——句法依赖性的关系。在并列项之间却没有句法依赖性。考察从句语法时我们还将进一步探讨这个话题。
 
 
练习
下列每一句话中都有一个被突出的连词。请问它是并列连词还是从属连词?
1. The proposal could not have been considered further unless it had been signed by all the members back in May  并列
从属
2. Last year we visited Venice and Pisa    并列 
从属
3. Have there been any developments since we last met?   并列 
从属
4. Conversation used to be entertainment, whereas now it's a means of exchanging information   并列 
从属
5. Meg will drink red or white wine  并列 
从属
6. I find it very difficult to forgive, although I do eventually 并列 
从属
7. Karen's definitely coming but I don't think Pete can make it 并列 
从属
 

 
 
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