Linguistic diffusion of Chinese tones
汉语声调的扩散现象
Mantaro J. Hashimoto 桥本万太郎

Abstract 摘要
By projecting tone values of modern Chinese dialects spoken in the so-called Central Plains, we became aware that the tonal features projected there reflect a much longer history of the Chinese language than the segmental features do. For instance, the outermost waves could be related to the tone values reconstituted for Tang Chinese around the 9th or 10th century AD, and the second waves to the system reflected in the major source of information on Old Mandarin phonology around the 14th century, while none of this kind survives in the segmental part of modern northern Chinese phonology. Because of the seeming susceptibility to change of syllabic intonations (which suggests less trace of older features than in the case of segments), involvement of Altaic speaakers in the development of northern Chinese can be an explanation for this extraordinary phenomenon.

在现代汉语方言里声调比普通的元音和辅音有更多的区域变体。例如北京方言和天津方言的元音和辅音没什么很显著的不同语音特征。不过虽然北京阴平声比阳平高,天津阴平声却比阳平声低。这种现象给予我们一个印象,就是声调比元音和辅音更容易变。事实应该是相反的。因为声调比较难变。所以比元音和辅音有更多的区域变体。以中原地区为中心的汉语北方方言的声调调值非常丰富而且有多样性,但有一定的区域分布模式,构成至少三种(或四种)的“方言波”。这些方言波基本上和唐代(9~10世纪),元代(14世纪)和现代的三种时代变体一致。构成最外边的方言波(第一波)的声调相当于唐代北方方言的声调,构成中间的第二波的相当于元代汉语的声调,而最里边的第三波相当于现代北京方言的声调。声调基本上是各个音节的音高变化。它发音上不可能有象发出元音和辅音时那样的生理学上的限制。那么在中原地区元音和辅音为什么比声调更容易变化?从西周时代以来,说汉语北方方言的人事实上包括很多北方少数民族,它们大多数是阿尔泰族。我们相信这些阿尔泰族接受汉语时,拿自己民族语的元音和辅音来代替汉语的元音和辅音,但接受声调时应该很少有这样的语音代替。那么从汉语的历史变迁的立场来说,也可以解释声调是保守的,比元音和辅音更有抵抗变化的趋势。

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Journal of Chinese Linguistics   volume 11 (ISSN 0091-3723)
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