From focus in proposition to focus in speech situation: cai and jiu in Mandarin Chinese
从句位为中心到语境为中心: 汉语中的 "才" 跟 "就"
Yung-O Biq 毕永峨

Abstract 摘要
Cai and jiu in Mandarin Chinese sometimes appear synonymous with one another and sometimes antonymous. The diversity in interpreting cai and jiu in various contexts is accounted for by treating these two words as quantificational adverbs which place four types of focus on some element involved in speech: parametric, limiting, emphatic, and temporal. Cai marks a denying-expectation focusing while jiu marks a simple focus. Pragmatic notions such as scalar implicature, the Gricean maxim of quantity, and the principle of relevance, are utilized to derive the various interpretations of these two words from their general meaning. Integrating semantics and pragmatics both recovers the systematic relation between cai and jiu, and allows for a unified analysis of the uses of these two adverbs.

“才”和“就”在汉语中有时象同义词但有时又象反义词。本文把这两个词处理成数量副词来分析两者之间的异同。这两个副词与下述四个方面有关，即语用性的，限止性的，强调性的和时间性的。“才”用来作‘否认－预期’的表示，“就”用来作‘简单’的表示。象程度暗含，关连原则等语用的概念被用在解释这两个词除了基本意义以外的变化。语义和语用的综合分析找出了“才”和“就”之间的系统关系，并能对这两个副词的用法有一个统一的解释。

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