History of passive construction in Chinese until the 10th century
10 世纪以前汉语被动句的历史发展
Alain Peyraube 贝罗贝

Abstract 摘要
This paper is mainly on the origin and the development of the passive bei-sentences, but the different types of other passive constructions are also traced according to their chronological order. The verb bei “to receive, to suffer, to undergo, to be affected” begins to be used, under the Han period, in the “Vi + V2” serial verb construction (where V1 = bei), by analogy with the “V1 jian + V2” structure which is common since Late Archaic Chinese, and where jian is an auxiliary verb marking the passive. Like jian, bei has then a verbal status and V2 is the object of V1. There has been a single lexical replacement: V jian > V bei. As for the “bei + Agent + V” form which becomes common only from Sui-Tang times, the “wei + Agent + V” form, widespread since the Han, could also have served as a model, but there was no single lexical replacement. A grammaticalization process intervened changing the verb bei into the preposition bei. This mechanism took place in the “V1 bei + NP-Agent + V2” serial verb construction.

本文主要讨论“被”字被动句的渊源和发展，亦按着发展的先后次序讨论其它各种不同的被动句。有“受”的意思的动词“被”在汉代开始用于“V1+V2”的连动式中（其中V1=被），这个用法是通过与“V1见+V2”结构同类的现象而实现的。而“V1见 +V2”式已普遍用于上古后期的汉语中，其中“见”是表示被动的助动词。与“见”一样，“被”是动词，而V2是V1的宾语。发生的现象是单一的词汇替代：V 见 > V 被。从隋唐后才出现普遍的‘被+Agent+V’式。亦可能是以在汉代已常见的‘为+Agent+V’式为模范而演遍出来的。但发生的并不是单一的词汇替代，而是将动词‘被’转化为介词‘被’的语法化过程。这个规律性的变化产生在‘V1 被+NP Agent+V2’连动结构中。

<< Back 返回

Readers 读者