Altaic Elements in the LinxIa dialect: Contact-Induced Change on the Yellow River Plateau
临夏＂方言＂中的阿尔泰语成份：黄河高原的语言交叉及其变化
Arienne M. Dwyer 杜安霓

Abstract 摘要
Language contact between the Han and non-Han languages of China has often been assumed to be unidirectional (i.e., Han—> non-Han) and limited generally to lexical items, while morphosyntactic interference is believed to be moderate and comparatively recent. However, in the northwestern Chinese dialect of ',huh , it will be shown below that in fact the opposite is true: the Linxla dialect consistently retains certain native phonological and lexical features, while undergoing heavy interference in syntax. In this paper three examples illustrating the nature and extent of contact-induced change in the LinxIa dialect are examined. In Section 1 the morphemes for 'small, little' of the region's languages are compared as an illustration of extensive lexicosemantic diffusion resulting in areal convergence. In Section 2 it is concluded that the co-existing markers of the comitative/instrumental in Unxla represent two different types of borrowing: one, a calque on a compound numeral of the Mongolic languages of the region, and the other an outright loan from Mongolic of the Proto-Altaic comitative suffix *-lu. Finally, as an example of significant syntactic and phonological reanalysis, in Section 3 the Linxia postpositional conditional marker is examined. We conclude that this is the result of the combination of certain social and linguistic factors, and that social factors, such as political dominance, may well be the primary determinants of change2. These data provide evidence to support a reanalysis of certain universals of language contact.

汉语与非汉语接触常被推认为是单方向的（汉语－＞非汉语）接触。并且尽限于词汇，而不太影响到语法。然而笔者发现在中西北部的临夏方言中，一直保持着一种带有本地特点的语音与词汇。但同时在语法方面，该方言又受到很强的阿尔泰语言的影响。本文采用了三个例子来阐明语言交往及其变化的性质与范围。文章的第一部分里主要考证临夏地区诸语言中表示＂小＂这个词意的词素。第二部分重点论证临夏方言中存在着「共一具格」的两种不同的借用法。第一种借用法是籨蒙古语言系中借用并译成的复合数字。第二种借用法是将原始阿尔泰语的「共格」后缀*-lu从蒙古语系中直接用过去。第三部分侧重论述临夏方言中的后置条件符号。全文述了语言与社会因素交叉与变化的结果。社会因素中的政治统治通常是语言变化的主要根源。这一研究数据为世界范围内语言交往规律的再分析提供一些依据。

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