The loan-words in the Sui languages
水语中的汉语借词分析
Feng Shi 石锋

Abstract 摘要
There are many loan-words from Chinese in Sui as well as in other languages of the same group. In the aspect of phonological correspondence, the earlier loan-words are quite different from the later ones. The former can be traced to the Ancient Chinese, whereas the latter are based on the neighboring Southwest Chinese dialect. The loan-words with mixed features of the earlier and the later periods revealed a continuum between historical layers. A semantic diversity of the paired loan-words of earlier and later periods is very common in the Sui language. Some words with related meaning are derived from loan-words by substitution of the tone, or initial, or final, just like the original native ones.

水语跟其它同族语言一样与汉语之间在历史上和现实中都有着密切的关系，主要表现在水语中有很多汉语借词和关系词。我们在约有 5,000词语的中和水语同音字表中，初步选出了685个汉语借词作为本文分析的基础资料。以中和水语的语音系统作为参照系，其中的汉语老借词对应于中古汉语音系；新借词对应于当地西南官话。在声调方面，老借词是调类对应的方式；新借词是调值对应的方式。跟老借词相比，新借词的声母对应范围缩小，并增加了 tsh 声母；新借词的韵母对应关系简化，并增加了元音音位和。新老借词之间的交混现象以及它们各自内部的先后之分，表现的是历史层次上的连续。新老借词在语义上常常有一定的分化。一些汉语借词可以利用声调或者声母韵母的变换来构成意义相关的词。这反映出汉语借词入乡随俗变客为主的过程。文中最后讨论了语言的同源，语言的融合，语言的借用以及借词、同源词、关系词等问题。

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