Perfective Aspect Particles or Telic Aktionsart Markers?
是完成体的动态助词还是终结情状的标记? –对趋向复合动词的研究
Jian Kang 康健

Abstract 摘要
In the context of aspectual studies, there has been little scholarship on the perfective aspect value of the directional verb compounds (henceforth DVC). The aspectual nature of the directional verb complements (shang, xia, hui, guo, kai, qi, and lai, qu) was almost overlooked until 1992, when the Chinese grammarian Fang treats them as the perfective aspect particles. However, the exact nature of the aspectual meaning of the directional verb complements is frequently unclear. This article provides a detailed study of the perfective aspectual meaning of the DVC. The study is made in terms of aspectual structure developed by Tenny. In this framework, directional verb compounding is viewed as an operation over aspectual structure. It is an aspectual operation whereby the PATH, TERMINUS or the MEASURE aspectual role of directional complement(s) is added to the empty aspectual role grid of the simplex verb (mainly an Activity) they combine with. As a result, the verb compound acquires the MEASURE or the PATH, TERMINUS aspectual role and is converted to a complex Accomplishment. As such, the DVC describes a telic situation. In a past context, or in combination with the perfective le, they denote attainment of a goal, thus contributing to the perfective meaning of a sentence. Directional verb compounding represents a highly productive process that relies on the property of delimitedness. They are clearly instances of grammaticalization of the telic notion in Chinese. They contribute to the perfective reading of a sentence.

汉语中对体态(Aspect)的研究,极少涉及到趋向复合动词有助于表达完成体 (Perfective Aspect)的语义功能。趋向动词 (上，下，进，出, 回，过，开，起，来，去)的表达体的语义几乎完全被忽视。直至一九九二年，中国学者房玉清在其着作“实用汉语语法”中，阐述了趋向补语表达体的语义及作用，并明确地称这些动词为完成体的动态助词。然而语法界对趋向动词表达体态的功能仍缺乏明确的认识。鉴于此，本文就趋向动词表达体的语义作了详尽的论述。本文作者认为趋向动词不是表达完成体的动态助词，而实质上是终结动词(Accomplishment)的情状标记。趋向动词在与活动动词(Activity)结合时，给活动动词加上了终结点(endpoint) 或目标 (goal) 的概念，从而使只表示持续的，匀质的，不引向结果的活动动词转变成为表示非匀质的引向结果的终结动词。用Tenny (1994) 研究发展的体结构(aspectual structure)的理论来分析，趋向动词与活动动词结合的过程可看作是体结构中的运作过程。运作的结果，趋向动词将其表达途径，终端，或度量(PATH, TERMINUS, MEASURE) 的语义特征转加到了活动动词的空白的体作用格中(aspectual role grid). 由此，不具备终点特征的活动动词转变成终结动词。因此趋向复合动词描述的是一个有终结点的事件 (a telic situation)。在表示过去的语境中，或与完成体的动态助词“了”共现时，趋向动词表示事件的完成或其结果的实现。在此意义上，作者认为趋向动词表达了完成体的体语义。趋向动词与活动动词的结合在汉语中是十分丰富与活跃的。因此作者进一步认为趋向复合动词与结果复合动词一起，是汉语中完成体体系中的一部分。

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