The temporal relations and aspects expressed by the particle le in Mandarin Chinese
普通话中助词“了”所表达的时间关系和时态
Shin Yong Robson 容新

Abstract 摘要
This paper discusses the temporal relations that the particle le reflects in Mandarin sentences. While the verb suffix le1 and the sentence final particle le2 respectively represent the different phases of the perfective-inchoative aspectual opposition, these aspectual views predict different relations between E(vent)-time and R(eference)-time of a situation. Le1 marks the perfective aspect of an actually occurred situation. E-time of this situation is either anterior to or included in its R-time. Le2 indicates the inception of a newly developed state; R-time of the described situation is always included in its E-time.

本文探讨助词“了”在普通话句中表现的时间关系。首先讨论几个基本概念，包括时态，绝对时制，相对时制，时制系统的三个时间：发话时间，事件的发生时间及参照时间的关系，以及它们在时态中的表现。本文继而分别考察动词词尾“了1”和句尾助词“了2”所表达的时间范围，讨论它们所表现的三个时间关系。最后推证“了”在完成和起始两个相对时态上表达不同的时间关系，因此确有“了1”与“了2”之分。

Subject Keywords 关键词

Aspectual view 时态 Absolute tense 绝对时制 Relative tense 相对时制 Perfective aspect 完成态 Inchoactive aspect 起始态

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