On several principles in reconstructing a proto-language—with the reconstruction of tones and pre-initials *h- and *- of proto-yi1
试论重构原始语言的若干原则——以原始彝语的声调及前置辅音 *h-和*/-为例
Baoya Chen, Feng Wang 陈保亚, 汪锋

Abstract 摘要
There are two folds of reconstruction, phonological categorization and phonetic interpretation. Both of them start on the basis of systematic sound correspondences. Notably, sound correspondences do not imply phonetic similarity. In order to rule out chance correspondence, to stratify different layers of correspondences, and to reconstruct proto-forms completely, the requirement of complete sound correspondence should be insisted upon. The contrast of different sets of sound correspondence should be reflected in proto-forms, and the reconstruction of a proto-language should cover all sets of sound correspondence. Consistent correspondence is necessary for stratification of different layers. Sound correspondences containing kernel morphemes should be given more weights in reconstruction. These principles are applied into the reconstruction of Proto-Yi based on six Yi dialects in China. The tonal system is reconstructed, and two pre-initials *h- and */- have been exemplified. These forms are used to explain the emergence of pre-glottalized initials in the Weishan Yi and how the reflexes in other dialects come into being. Meanwhile, the tonal development of the Nanhua Yi and the Shilin Yi and the behaviors of kernel morphemes confirm the reconstruction of the two pre-initials.

重构可以分为音类拟测和音类赋值两个方面，这两个方面都以系统的语音对应为必要条件，因此系统对应是重构的基础。对应不一定是相似，为了排除偶然对应、有效区分对应的时空层次以及对原始形式进行完全构拟，应坚持完全对应；对应模式上的差异应在原始形式上体现出来，重构应该建立在穷尽对应模式的基础上；一致对应是区分对应时空层次的必要条件，与核心语素一致的对应应该是原始形式的主要依据。根据中国境内6种彝语方言的材料，应用上述原则，我们重构出原始彝语的声调系统，幷论述了与声调重构相关的原始彝语的前置辅音*h-和*/-，解释了巍山彝语先喉塞音声母的来源，以及这两个前置辅音在其他彝语方言中的变化模式，同时根据南华和撒尼彝语中声调的发展以及核心语素的表现确认了重构前置辅音*h-和*/-的理由。

Subject Keywords 关键词

Reconstruction 重构 Sound correspondence 对应 Proto-Yi 原始彝语 Pre-initial *h- 前置辅音*h- Pre-initial *- 前置辅音*-

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