Readers 读者
The Physiological Aspects of Phonetics [Abstract]
生理语音学研究 (英文专辑）[摘要]
Jiangping Kong 孔江平
Abstract 摘要
The study of modern phonetics in China has come a long way over the last nine decades; this progress has included discovering the four tones of standard Chinese, introducing modern phonetic studies from the West, developing acoustical analysis, exploring physical aspects of phonetics, etc. Further advancing the field is The Physiological Aspects of Phonetics, new special issue of Journal Chinese Linguistics (ISSN 0091-3723) volume 43 number 1B (2015), edited by Prof. Jiangping Kong of Peking University, in which ten research papers in English on physiological aspects of phonetics in China are presented. in three parts: 1) The first four papers are on speech models, including three papers for geometrical models of Mandarin, and one paper for the physiological articulatory model; 2) The next three papers are on physiological phonetic studies that used electropalatography (EPG), instruments for air-pressure and flow, and aspiration; 3) The final three papers concern with phonation types of tones by using EGG signal and perception test.
1. Speech models
“An Articulatory Model of Standard Chinese Using MRI and X-ray” has explored the articulatory mechanism of speech production in Standard Chinese and developed a geometrical articulatory model, both in visual and acoustic modalities, based on the data of MRI images and an X-ray movie. “A Two-Dimension Lip Model for Mandarin Chinese”, established a two dimensional lip model with inner and outer lip contours which has well defined the linguistic term ‘lip rounding’ and was used to generate audio-visual stimuli for the speech perception experiment of the McGurk Effect. “A Dynamic Glottal Model through High-speed Imaging” has introduced a dynamic glottal model based on high-speed imaging and the model controlled by dynamic glottal widths, lengths, F0, Open Quotient and Speed Quotient which can produce speech sources with different phonation types. “A Control Strategy of a Physiological Articulatory Model for Speech Production” has constructed a full three-dimensional physiological-articulatory model, including the tongue, jaw, hyoid bone and vocal tract wall, based on the continuum finite element method.
2. Physiological phonetic studies
“Prosodic Boundaries Effect on Segment Articulation in Standard Chinese: An Articulatory and Acoustic Study” has investigated the EPG and acoustic data of the prosodic boundaries effect on the domain-initial segments in Standard Chinese, with the aim of examining the domain-initial strengthening in both spatial and temporal dimensions. “A Study on the Features of Chest and Abdominal Breathing when Reciting and Chanting Chinese Poetry” has studied the features of chest and abdominal breathing when reciting and chanting Chinese poems of different styles. “An Aerodynamic Study on Articulation of Mandarin Initials” has studied the aerodynamic features of Mandarin initial consonants with different articulatory places and manners and found that the parameters of expiratory airflow duration (EAD), peak air-pressure (PAP), peak expiratory airflow (PEA) and expiratory volume (EV) can all be regarded as the distinctive features in consonants.
3. Phonation types of tones by using EGG signal and perception test
“Variations of Laryngeal Features in Jianchuan Bai” has examined the tonal quality based on three parameters of F0, OQ and SQ from EGG signals and found that there are two non-modal phonation types, namely Harsh and Pressed. “The Role of Phonation Cues in Mandarin Tonal Perception” has investigated the role of phonation cues in perceiving Mandarin tones in isolated syllables and found that it is necessary to define language tones in a finer model by incorporating detailed phonation parameters. “The Creaky Voice and its Tonal Description Method” has studied the different phonation types in Chinese Dilu dialect through F0, OQ and SQ from EGG signals and proposed a tone transcription system for languages that have various phonation types.
中国的现代语音学研究经历了长达90年的历程，这个过程包含了1）汉语四声的发现、2）西方语音学的引入、3）声学分析的发展、4）生理语音学研究领域拓展四个阶段。 继往开来， 《生理语音学研究》专辑，2015 年 英文期刊Journal of Chinese Linguistics （ISSN 0091-0037）43卷1B期刊载了十篇有关中国生理语音学研究的英文学术论文,约为三部分。 1)其中有四篇为言语模型的研究，包括三篇几何模型，一篇生理模型；2) 三篇是利用电子腭位仪、气流气压计和呼吸带进行的生理语音学研究；3)三篇论文涉及到利用喉头仪信号研究声调的发声类型和感知测试。 1.言语模型的研究 论文“用磁共振成像和X光声道资料建立汉语普通话调音模型”利用MRI和X光数据研究了汉语产生的生理机制，幷建立了一个视觉和声学的发音模型。论文“汉语普通话二维唇形模型”建立了一个包括内唇和外唇轮廓线的二维模型，该模型可以很好地定义圆唇的概念，也可以合成音视样本用于语言麦格克效应的感知实验。论文“基于高速数位成像的动态声门研究”介绍了基于高速成像的动态声门模型，动态声门模型可用声门长、宽、基频、开商和速度商等参数产生不同的语言发声类型。论文“面向言语产生的发音生理模型控制方法”基于连续限定成分构建了一个三维生理发音模型，包括舌、下巴、下颌骨和声道。 2.生理语音学研究 论文“韵律边界对汉语普通话音段发音的影响：基于生理和声学的研究”考察了汉语普通话域首声母音段韵律边界效应的声学数据，对域首声母边界效应空间维和速度维的增强进行了考察。论文“古诗词朗读与吟诵的呼吸特征研究”研究了汉语不同风格诗词朗诵和吟诵之间胸腹呼吸的特征。论文“汉语普通话声母的空气动力学研究”研究了不同发音部位和方法声母的空气动力学特征，发现送气时长、气压峰值、气流峰值和气流量可以作为辅音的区别性特征。 3. 声调的发声类型 论文“剑川白语的嗓音变异”利用基频、开商和速度商测定了声调的调质，发现有两个非正常嗓音发声类型，即“粗糙嗓音和紧嗓音”。论文“发声信息在汉语四声感知的作用” 考察孤立音节声调感知的发声线索，发现发声特征在定义汉语普通话声调时是必不可少特征。论文“挤喉音的发声模式和标调方法”利用基频、开商和速度商研究了汉语路底方言不同的发声类型，提出了一种描写不同发声类型的系统。