The nature of the Middle Chinese tones and their development to Early Mandarin
中古汉语声调的本质和到早期官话的演变
Edwin G. Pulleyblank 蒲立本
Abstract 摘要
A theory is proposed to explain the development of the tonal categories in northern standard Chinese from Early Middle Chinese (Qie-yun), though Late Middle Chinese (Tang and Song) to Early Mandarin (Yuan). It is argued: (a) that the split into upper and lower registers was conditioned primarily by voiced aspiration, giving rise to breathy vowels, rather than simply voice (compare the register distinction in Mon and Khmer and the tones of Punjabi), (b) that the tone shift rule (rising tone shifts to departing tone after voiced obstruent initials) can be accounted for by assimilation of final glottalization or creaky voice to initial voiced aspiration and breathy voice, (c) that the differential treatment of Late Middle Chinese voiced aspirate initials in Mandarin depending on tone can be likewise accounted for by subsequent dissimilation between initial and final laryngeal features, (d) that the three-way split of entering tone in Early Mandarin depending on the class of Late Middle Chinese initial is probably also to be explained in terms of laryngeal features. Evidence is given that even in Yuan one component of the distinction between yin-ping and yang-ping was a contrast between clear and breathy voice.
Journal of Chinese Linguistics volume 6 (ISSN 0091-3723)
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