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Appendix A
Detailed guidelines on proper use of source material
Many examples in this section are adapted from the guidelines developed and published
by the Department of Sociology, CUHK.
Mild cases of failure to acknowledge would be regarded as poor academic writing.
Serious cases of failure to acknowledge, especially where there appears to be
the intention to mislead the reader, would constitute plagiarism.
1. Verbatim use of source material
2. Paraphrase and translation
3. Change of order and/or conversion to/from point form
4. Use of special terms or concepts
5. Attribution of key concepts
6. Citing facts or research findings of others
7. Data for tables and graphs
1. Verbatim use of source material
Original source (Example
1): Peter Berger, Invitation to Sociology (London: Penguin, 1991), p
87
| Where human beings live or work in compact groups, in which they are
personally known and to which they are tied by feeling of personal loyalty
(the kind that sociologists call primary groups), very potent and simultaneously
very subtle mechanisms of control are constantly brought to bear upon
the actual or potential deviant. These are the mechanisms of persuasion,
ridicule, gossip and opprobrium. |
Improper use (Example 1):
Except for the first sentence, the rest is a verbatim copy of the original,
without quotation marks and without acknowledgement. This is a clear case of
plagiarism.
| Social members experience various modes of control exerted over them.
Where human beings live or work in compact groups, in which they are personally
known and to which they are tied by feeling of personal loyalty (the kind
that sociologists call primary groups), very potent and simultaneously
very subtle mechanisms of control are constantly brought to bear upon
the actual or potential deviant. These are the mechanisms of persuasion,
ridicule, gossip and opprobrium. |
Improper use (Example 1):
The following extract, again without quotation marks and without acknowledgement,
also constitutes plagiarism.
| Where human beings live or work in primary groups, very potent and subtle
mechanisms of control are brought to bear upon the deviant members. These
are the mechanisms of persuasion, ridicule and gossip. |
Proper use (Example 1):
The material used word for word should be enclosed in quotes,
and the source should be specified by a bibliographic reference such as [1].
| Social members experience various modes of control exerted over them.
“Where human beings live or work in compact
groups, in which they are personally known and to which they are tied
by feeling of personal loyalty (the kind that sociologists call primary
groups), very potent and simultaneously very subtle mechanisms of control
are constantly brought to bear upon the actual or potential deviant. These
are the mechanisms of persuasion, ridicule, gossip and opprobrium”
[1]. |
Proper use (Example 1):
If only an extract is quoted, the omitted portion should be indicated by ellipsis
(i.e., a series of dots). The material quoted should still be enclosed in quotes,
and the source should be specified by a bibliographic reference such as [1].
| “Where human beings live or work in ...
primary groups, ... very potent and simultaneously very subtle mechanisms
of control are constantly brought to bear upon the ... deviant. These
are the mechanisms of persuasion, ridicule, gossip and opprobrium”
[1]. |
原著（例2）: 費孝通《鄉土中國》（香港：三聯
。1986），第28頁
| 在西洋社會裏，國家這個團體是一個明顯的也是唯一特出的群己界線。在國家裏做人民的無所逃於這團體之外，像一根柴捆在一束裏，他們不能不把國家弄成個為每個分子謀利益的機構，於是他們有革命、有憲法、有法律、有國會等等。在我們傳統裏群的極限是模糊不清的天下，國是皇帝之家，界線從來就是不清不楚的。不過是從自己這個中心裏推出去的社會勢力裏的一圈而已。所以可以著手的，具體的只有己，克己就成了社會生活中最重要的德性，他們不會去克群，使群不致侵略個人的權利。 |
不正確引用（例2）: 以下是逐字抄錄上文的例子，屬於抄襲。
| 西洋社會及中國傳統社會中的群己關係截然不同。在西洋社會裏，國家這個團體是一個明顯的也是唯一特出的群己界線。在國家裏做人民的無所逃於這團體之外，像一根柴捆在一束裏，他們不能不把國家弄成個為每個分子謀利益的機構，於是他們有革命、有憲法、有法律、有國會等等。在我們傳統裏群的極限是模糊不清的天下，國是皇帝之家，界線從來就是不清不楚的。不過是從自己這個中心推出去的社會勢力裏的一圈而已。所以可以著手的，具體的只有己，克己就成了社會生活中最重要的德性，他們不會去克群，使群不致侵略個人的權利。 |
不正確引用（例2）: 以下是摘錄的例子，也屬於抄襲。
| 在西洋社會裏，國家這個團體是一個明顯的也是唯一特出的群己界線。在國家裏做人民的無所逃於這團體之外。在我們傳統裏群的極限是模糊不清的天下，界線從來就是不清不楚的，所以可以著手的，具體的只有己。 |
正確引用（例2） : 以下是逐字抄錄上文的例子，提及原作者和原著，
並加上了引號「 」和附註，例如 〔1〕，
乃屬正確引用。
| 費孝通在《鄉土中國》一文中指出，「在西洋社會裏，國家這個團體是一個明顯的也是唯一特出的群己界線。在國家裏做人民的無所逃於這團體之外，像一根柴捆在一束裏，他們不能不把國家弄成個為每個分子謀利益的機構，於是他們有革命、有憲法、有法律、有國會等等。在我們傳統裏群的極限是糢糊不清的天下，國是皇帝之家，界線從來就是不清不楚的，不過是從自己這個中心推出去的社會勢力裏的一圈而已。所以可以著手的，具體的只有己，克己就成了社會生活中最重要的德性，他們不會去克群，使群不致侵略個人的權利。」〔1〕 |
正確引用（例2） : 以下是摘錄的例子，加上了引
號「
」和附註，例如〔1〕， 乃屬正確引用。
| 「在西洋社會裏，國家社會這個團體是一個明顯的也是唯一特出的群己界線。在國家裏做人民的無所逃於這團體之外，.....
在我們傳統裏群的極限是模糊不清的‘天下’..... 界線從來就是不清不楚的，..... 所以可以著手的，具體的只有己 .....」〔1〕。 |
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2. Paraphrase and translation
Original source (Example
1): Peter Berger, Invitation to Sociology (London: Penguin, 1991), p
87
| Where human beings live or work in compact groups, in which they are
personally known and to which they are tied by feeling of personal loyalty
(the kind that sociologists call primary groups), very potent and simultaneously
very subtle mechanisms of control are constantly brought to bear upon
the actual or potential deviant. These are the mechanisms of persuasion,
ridicule, gossip and opprobrium. |
Improper use (Example 1):
In the following example, the exact words are changed; even the sentence structure
is changed, but the sense of the original is kept. This is called a paraphrase.
If the original source is not acknowledged, this still constitutes plagiarism.
| In primary groups, in which people knows each other personally, deviants
(actual or potential) are restrained by delicate mechanisms of social
control, including persuasion, ridicule, gossip, opprobrium, etc. |
Improper use (Example 1)
: In the following example, the source is paraphrased and also translated. If
the original source is not acknowledged, this still constitutes plagiarism.
| 在社會學家稱為初級團體的群體中，越軌者承受著極細微但強而有力的社會控制，例如說服、嘲笑、閒話及侮辱等。 |
Proper use (Example 1)
: A paraphrase should be indicated by a bibliographic reference such as [1],
but quotes are not required.
| In primary groups, in which people knows each other personally, deviants
(actual and potential) are restrained by delicate mechanisms of social
control, including persuasion, ridicule, gossip, opprobrium, etc. [1] |
原著（例2）: 費孝通《鄉土中國》（香港：三聯
。1986），第28頁
| 在西洋社會裏，國家這個團體是一個明顯的也是唯一特出的群己界線。在國家裏做人民的無所逃於這團體之外，像一根柴捆在一束裏，他們不能不把國家弄成個為每個分子謀利益的機構，於是他們有革命、有憲法、有法律、有國會等等。在我們傳統裏群的極限是模糊不清的天下，國是皇帝之家，界線從來就是不清不楚的。不過是從自己這個中心裏推出去的社會勢力裏的一圈而已。所以可以著手的，具體的只有己，克己就成了社會生活中最重要的德性，他們不會去克群，使群不致侵略個人的權利。 |
不正確引用（例2）: 以下是意譯的例子，未有附註，屬抄襲行為。
| 西方社會中團體與個人之關係是清晰的，這尤其反映在國家這團體與個人的關係上。而中國傳統社會中團體與個人的關係從來都是含糊不清的，國家是皇帝的家族的延伸，因此不存在西方所謂的個人從團體中解放的問題，孔子所稱道的「克己」是唯一的社會道德。 |
正確引用（例2）: 以下是意譯的例子，加上附註，屬正確引用。
| 西方社會中團體與個人之關係是清晰的，這尤其反映在國家這團體與個人的關係上。而中國傳統社會中團體與個人的關係從來都是含糊不清的，國家是皇帝的家族的延伸，因此不存在西方所謂的個人從團體中解放的問題，孔子所稱道的「克己」是唯一的社會道德。〔1〕 |
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3. Change of order and/or conversion to/from point form
Suppose the source material is in point form.
Original source (Example
3): Anthony Giddens, Sociology (Cambridge: Polity Press. 2nd ed., 1993)
p 529-30
| The European powers acquired colonies for a number of reasons:
1. Colonial possessions added to the political influence and power
of the parent country and provided sites for military bases.
2. Most Westerners also saw colonialism as a civilizing enterprise,
helping upgrade native peoples from their "primitive" conditions
...
3. There was an important economic motive. From the early years of Western
expansion, food, raw materials and other goods were taken from the colonized
areas to full western economic development ... |
Improper use (Example 3)
: The following paraphrase which alters the orders of the three points constitutes
plagiarism if the source is not acknowledged.
The European powers acquired colonies for
(1) economic expansion;
(2) exercise of political influence;
(3) civilization of the "native" people |
Improper use (Example 3)
: The following paraphrase which converts the point form to running text still
constitutes plagiarism if the source is not acknowledged.
| The colonization of "primitive" societies by Europe serves
several purposes: economic expansion, exercise of political influence
and civilization of the "native" peoples. |
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4. Use of special terms or concepts
Original source (Example
4): Erving Goffman, Asylums: Essays on the Social Situation of Mental
Patients and other Inmates. (1968, Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin), p 15-16
| Every institution captures something of the time and interest of its
members and provides something of a world for them; in brief, every institution
has encompassing tendencies. When we review the different institutions
in our Western society, we find some that are encompassing to a degree
discontinuously greater than the ones next in line. Their encompassing
or total character is symbolized by the barrier to social intercourse
with the outside and to departure that is often built right into the physical
plant, such as locked doors, high walls, barbed wire, cliffs, water, forests,
or moors. These establishments I am calling total institutions [italics
original], and it is their general characteristics I want to explore. |
Improper use (Example 4):
The following uses the special term "total institutions" without attribution,
and constitutes plagiarism if the source is not acknowledged.
| Hospitals are total institutions, the public access to which is strictly
denied. |
Proper use (Example 4):
The special term should be acknowledged by naming the original author, adding
quotation marks and a bibliographic reference such as
[1].
| Hospitals are what Goffman calls "total
institutions", which is "symbolized
by the barrier to social intercourse with the outside…"
[1]. |
Proper use (Example 4):
Another legitimate form could be as follows.
| Hospitals are, in Goffman's famous term,
total institutions, the public access to which is strictly denied [1]. |
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5. Attribution of key concepts
Original source (Example
5): Lau, Siu-kai. Society and Politics in Hong Kong. (1982, Hong Kong:
The Chinese University Press).
| (The original source first introduced some key concepts.) |
Improper use (Example 5):
The following paragraph summarizes the key concepts from the original source,
but gives the impression that the writer developed these concepts.
This constitutes plagiarism.
| Hong Kong people can meet their economic needs mainly through supports
from their familial groups. As such, they have no needs to press the government
for provision of social welfare, and this accounts for the political apathy
of Hong Kong people and thereby the political stability of Hong Kong. |
Proper use (Example 5):
There should be an indication that the key concepts are taken from the original
source.
| According to Lau [1], Hong Kong people
can meet their economic needs mainly through supports from their familial
groups. As such, they have no needs to press the government for provision
of social welfare, and their accounts for the political apathy of Hong
Kong people and thereby the political stability of Hong Kong. |
Proper use (Example 5):
Here is another legitimate form; even though the author is not named in the
text, the bibliographical reference already indicates that the idea is taken
from somewhere else.
| Hong Kong people can meet their economic needs mainly through supports
from their familial groups. As such, they have no needs to press the government
for provision of social welfare, and their accounts for the political
apathy of Hong Kong people and thereby the political stability of Hong
Kong [1]. |
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6. Citing facts or research findings of others
Proper use (Example 6):
When facts are cited (which are not obvious), the source should be indicated.
| A total of 58 agreements guaranteeing paid holidays had been signed
by the unions in Britain in 1920. By the mid-20's there were 16-17 percent
of the labour-force who received paid holidays [1]. |
Original source (Example
7): Thomas T. P. Wong and Lui Tai-lok. From One Brand of Politics to
One Brand of Political Culture. Hong Kong: occasional paper no. 10. (1992, Hong
Kong Institute of Asia-Pacific Studies, Chinese University of Hong Kong). p
26
| When asked if they feel themselves belonging to a class, 79% of our
respondents said 'yes'; 19 said 'no', and only 2% answered 'don't know'. |
Proper use (Example 7):
The source should be given when this research finding is cited.
| Wong and Lui [1] demonstrate that nearly
80% of their respondents feel themselves belonging to a class. |
Proper use (Example 8):
Even if the research finding does not involve quantitative data, the source
should be acknowledged.
| In countries where the religiously orthodox differ from modernists in
their economic beliefs, the orthodox are far more likely to be to the
left of modernists than to be right [1]. |
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7. Data for tables and graphs
When a table or a graph contains data that are not collected by the writer
himself/herself, the source must be given.
Proper use (Example 9):
| Table 2.6. Growth in the value of world exports by major product groups,
1985-93.
[table]
Source: Ref [1]. |
Proper use (Example 10):
| [graph]
Figure 6. The annual GDP growth in Hong Kong, 1960-1990.
Source: Ref [1]. |
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