修饰语

He ate his meal quickly (how)他很快 吃完饭(如何)
David gave blood last week (when)大卫上周献了血(何时)
Susan went to school in New York (where) 苏珊在纽约上学(何地)

这些突出的成分就是修饰语。从句法的角度，修饰语是可选择的要素，因为即使去掉它们,句子也仍然是完整的。

He ate his meal quickly ~He ate his meal 他很快吃完饭 ~ 他吃完饭

David gave blood last week ~David gave blood大卫上周献了血 ~大卫献了血

Susan went to school in New York ~Susan went to school 苏珊在纽约上学 ~苏珊上学

很多种句子成分都能发挥修饰语的功能，试举例如下。

修饰语的体现

名词短语用作修饰语

David gave blood last week 大卫上周献了血
Next summer, we're going to Spain明年夏天, 我们打算去西班牙
We've agreed to meet the day after tomorrow 我们已经说好后天碰面

如这些例子所示，名词短语用作修饰语时，一般指时间。

副词短语用作修饰语

They ate their meal too quickly 他们吃饭太快
She walked very gracefully down the steps她非常优雅地走下台阶
Suddenly, the door opened突然地, 门开了

介词短语用作修饰语

Susan went to school in New York苏珊在纽约上学
I work late on Mondays我周一工作得很晚
After work, I go to a local restaurant 下班后, 我去了附近的一家餐厅

介词短语用作修饰语时，一般指时间或地点，告诉我们事情何时或何地发生。

从句用作修饰语

从属句可以用作修饰语。我们首先看限定性从属句的例子。

从句作修饰语	例子
限定性	While we were crossing the park, we heard a loud explosion当我们穿过公园时，听到巨大的爆炸声 I was late for the interview because the train broke down 由于火车出了故障，我面试迟到了 If you want tickets for the concert, you have to apply early 如果想要音乐会的票，你得早点申请 My car broke down, so I had to walk 我的车坏了，所以只好步行
非限定性 带To-的不定式 不带To-的不定式 -ing 从句 -ed从句 小句	To open the window, you have to climb a ladder 要开窗，你得爬上梯子 Rather than leave the child alone, I brought him to work with me我没有把孩子一个人扔下，而是把他带到我工作的地方 Being a qualified plumber, Paul had no difficulty in finding the leak作为一个合格的管道工，保罗毫不费劲就找到了渗漏之处 Left to himself, he usually gets the job done quickly让他一个人呆着的时候，他通常很快就完成了工作 His face red with rage, John stormed out of the room约翰冲出了房间，脸气得通红

你会注意到，这些从句表达了我们先前讨论过的很多意义（见“从句：语义类型”一章）。注意所有的例子中修饰语都是表达附加或可供选择的信息。如果去掉它们的话，剩下的从句在句法上依然是完整的。

练习
我们已经讨论了如下语法功能：

Subject主语
Predicate谓语
Predicator谓语动词
Direct Object直接宾语
Indirect Object间接宾语
Adjunct 修饰语

判断下列句子中括号内语句的功能。