助动词 |
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在我们见过的 -ing 和 -ed 形式的例子中,你可能已经注意到,每个例句里都有两个动词出现:
[2] The film was produced in Hollywood(电影在好莱坞制作) 助动词有时被称为“辅助动词”。这是因为它们可以说“辅助”了后面的主动词。例如在The old lady is writing a play一句中助动词 is对 主动词 writing起到辅助作用,指明主动词表示的动作还在进行当中。
在这一节我们将对英语中各种类型的助动词作一简要说明。
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被动态助动词be |
This is used to form passive constructions, eg.
用于被动结构,例如
The film was produced in Hollywood (电影制作于好莱坞) It has a corresponding present form:它有对应的现在时形式:
The film is
produced in Hollywood
(电影制作于好莱坞) We will return to passives later, when we look at voice.在语态部分我们还将回到被动句。 |
进行体助动词 be | As the name suggests, the progressive
expresses action in progress:
如名字所示,进行体表示进行中的动作:
The old lady is writing a play(老妇人正创作一部戏) It also has a past form: 它也有过去时形式: The old lady was writing a play(老妇人正创作一部戏) |
完成体助动词have
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The perfective auxiliary expresses an
action accomplished in the past but retaining current relevance:
完成体助动词表示过去完成、但与现在一直有关联的动作。
She has broken her leg(她的腿摔断了) (Compare: She
broke her leg) (试比较:她摔断了腿) Together with the progressive auxiliary, the perfective auxiliary encodes aspect, which we will look at later.完成体助动词与进行体助动词都表示动词的“体”。这个我们以后还要谈到。 |
情态助动词can/could
may/might shall/should will/would must(可以/能够/将要/应该/必须) |
Modals express permission,
ability, obligation, or prediction:情态助动词表示许可、能力,或者预测。
You can have a sweet if you like(想要的话你可以来一颗糖)
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形式助动词Do |
This subclass contains only the verb do. It is used to form questions: 这一子类型只包含一个动词do,用于组成问句: Do you like cheese?(你喜欢奶酪吗?) to form negative statements:用于组成否定陈述句: I do not like cheese(我不喜欢奶酪) and in giving orders: 还用于下命令 Do not eat the cheese(不要吃奶酪) Finally, dummy do can be used for emphasis: 最后,形式助动词do还可用来强调: I do like cheese(我的确喜欢奶酪) |
助动词与主动词的一个重大区别是助动词从不在句子中单独出现。例如,我们不能将主动词从句子中拿走、只留下助动词。
I would like a new job(我想要一份新工作) | ~*I would a new job |
You should buy a new car(你应该买辆新车) | ~*You should a new car |
She must be crazy(她一定是疯了) | ~*She must crazy |
助动词总是和主动词一起出现。然而,主动词却可以脱离助动词而出现。
这被称为“省略”——回答中的主动词被省去。
助动词往往以缩略形式出现,尤其是在非正式的语境中。例如,助动词 have经常被缩写成 've。
I'd like a new job
( = modal auxiliary would)我想要一份新工作
( = 情态助动词 would)
We'd already spent
the money by then ( = perfective auxiliary had) 到那时我们已经把钱给花掉了 ( = 完成体助动词had)
He's been in there
for ages ( = perfective auxiliary has)他在那儿好长时间了 ( = 完成体助动词has)
She's eating her
lunch ( = progressive auxiliary is)她在吃中饭 ( = 进行体助动词is)