助动词

动词
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在我们见过的 -ing-ed 形式的例子中,你可能已经注意到,每个例句里都有两个动词出现:
 
      [1] The old lady is writing a play(老妇人正在创作一部戏) 
      [2] The film was produced in Hollywood(电影在好莱坞制作)
 Writingproduced前面都有另一个动词。这另外的动词(is和was) 被称作“助动词”,而 writingproduced 被称为“主动词”或者“实义动词”。事实上,我们在前几页考查过的所有动词都是主动词。

助动词有时被称为“辅助动词”。这是因为它们可以说“辅助”了后面的主动词。例如在The old lady is writing a play一句中助动词 is主动词 writing起到辅助作用,指明主动词表示的动作还在进行当中。
 


助动词类型

在这一节我们将对英语中各种类型的助动词作一简要说明。 
 
 

 

被动态助动词be

This is used to form passive constructions, eg.  用于被动结构,例如

The film was produced in Hollywood (电影制作于好莱坞)

It has a corresponding present form:它有对应的现在时形式:

The film is produced in Hollywood  电影制作于好莱坞)
 

We will return to passives later, when we look at voice.在语态部分我们还将回到被动句。

进行体助动词 be As the name suggests, the progressive expresses action in progress:  如名字所示,进行体表示进行中的动作:

The old lady is writing a play(老妇人正创作一部戏)

It also has a past form: 它也有过去时形式:

The old lady was writing a play(老妇人正创作一部戏)

 

完成体助动词have

 

The perfective auxiliary expresses an action accomplished in the past but retaining current relevance:  完成体助动词表示过去完成、但与现在一直有关联的动作。

She has broken her leg(她的腿摔断了)

(Compare: She broke her leg(试比较:她摔断了腿)
 

Together with the progressive auxiliary, the perfective auxiliary encodes aspect, which we will look at later.完成体助动词与进行体助动词都表示动词的“体”。这个我们以后还要谈到。

情态助动词can/could 
may/might 
shall/should 
will/would 
must(可以/能够/将要/应该/必须)
Modals express permission, ability, obligation, or prediction:情态助动词表示许可、能力,或者预测。

You can have a sweet if you like(想要的话你可以一颗糖) 
He may arrive early(他可能早到) 
Paul will be a footballer some day (保罗有朝一日会成为足球运动员)
I really should leave now(我真的该走了)

 形式助动词Do

This subclass contains only the verb do. It is used to form questions: 这一子类型只包含一个动词do,用于组成问句:

Do you like cheese?(你喜欢奶酪吗?)

to form negative statements:用于组成否定陈述句:

I do not like cheese我不喜欢奶酪

and in giving orders: 还用于下命令

Do not eat the cheese(不要吃奶酪)

Finally, dummy do can be used for emphasis: 最后,形式助动词do还可用来强调:

I do like cheese我的确喜欢奶酪

 

助动词与主动词的一个重大区别是助动词从不在句子中单独出现。例如,我们不能将主动词从句子中拿走、只留下助动词。

 
 
I would like a new job(我想要一份新工作) ~*I would a new job
You should buy a new car(你应该买辆新车) ~*You should a new car
She must be crazy(她一定是疯了) ~*She must crazy
 

助动词总是和主动词一起出现。然而,主动词却可以脱离助动词而出现。
 

      I like my new job (我喜欢我的新工作)
      I bought a new car (我买了一辆新车)
      She sings like a bird (她唱起歌来像小鸟)
在一些句子中,助动词看起来可以单独出现,尤其是在回答问题时:
 
      Q. Can you sing?   : 你会唱歌吗?
      A. Yes, I can  :是的,我会。
这里助动词can并不真是脱离主动词出现,因为主动词 sing已经在问句中了。回答不用说是指:
 
      Yes, I can sing 是的,我会唱歌。

这被称为“省略”——回答中的主动词被省去。

助动词往往以缩略形式出现,尤其是在非正式的语境中。例如,助动词  have经常被缩写成 've
 

      I have won the lottery    ~I've won the lottery (我中了彩票)
 这些缩略形式被称作省略形式。有时不同的助动词具有相同的省略形式,因此要仔细分辨。
 

      I'd like a new job ( = modal auxiliary would)我想要一份新工作 ( = 情态助动词 would) 
      We'd already spent the money by then ( = perfective auxiliary had) 到那时我们已经把钱给花掉了 ( = 完成体助动词had)

      He's been in there for ages ( = perfective auxiliary has)他在那儿好长时间了 ( = 完成体助动词has) 
      She's eating her lunch ( = progressive auxiliary is)她在吃中饭 ( = 进行体助动词is 

以下练习重点放在三种最为重要的助动词be, have, 和 do上面。
 
 
练习
请问被突出的动词是主动词还是助动词?
1. I will have the soup 主动词
助动词
2. Police are investigating the incident  主动词  
助动词 
3. It is very peaceful here   主动词  
助动词 
4. Where does your brother work?  主动词  
助动词
5. They have decided to advertise your job 主动词  
助动词
6. He does his homework on the way to school 主动词  
助动词
 

 
更多动词的内容...
     

    


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