講者：生命科學和醫學學部 張宏院士
講題：動態鈣離子信號驅動自噬體形成
Dynamic Ca2+ Signals Drive Autophagosome Formation
自噬是由自噬體包裹胞質組分並運送到溶酉每體降解的過程，對維持細胞正常功能至關重要。自噬異常與多種人類疾病密切相關，如神經退行性疾病等。以往人們對自噬分子機制的理解主要源於對酵母中鑒定的自噬基因的研究。多細胞生物自噬過程遠比酵母自噬複雜，包含多個特有的自噬步驟。我課題組創立了線蟲為研究多細胞生物自噬的遺傳模型；鑒定了一系列多細胞生物特有的新自噬基因，並揭示了它們在多細胞生物自噬特有步驟中的作用機制。本報告將介紹我課題組在多細胞生物自噬研究領域所取得的最新進展，包括發現內質網表面鈣瞬變是決定自噬起始的關鍵信號，以及揭示內質網鈣信號在自噬體延伸、閉合等過程中的作用。
Autophagy, an evolutionarily conserved lysosomal degradation pathway, sustains cellular homeostasis by recycling cytoplasmic material and eliminating cytotoxic threats. The core of this process is the biogenesis of the autophagosome, a double-membraned vesicle that forms through the initiation, expansion, and closure of an isolation membrane. In metazoans, autophagosomes assemble on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Pioneering genetic studies in model organisms identified a core autophagy machinery (ATG and EPG genes), and subsequent work revealed that the FIP200 complex—the functional equivalent of the yeast Atg1 complex—translocates to the ER to recruit downstream factors upon autophagy induction. Despite these advances, the fundamental mechanism that initiates the formation of the autophagosome on the ER has remained a central unanswered question in the field.
Our previous research revealed that diverse autophagy stimuli trigger localized Ca2+ transients on the outer ER membrane. These ER-localized Ca2+ signals trigger the liquid-liquid phase separation of the FIP200 complex. The resultant liquid-like FIP200 condensates associate with the ER, and further mature into functional autophagosome formation sites. In my talk, I will present our recent progress in understanding how these ER Ca2+ transients are sustained during autophagy induction and how they are decoded to trigger the assembly of ER-associated FIP200 condensates.
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講者：生命科學和醫學學部 滕皋軍院士
講題：中國大陸介入放射學的現狀
Current Status of Interventional Radiology in China
自1964年Dotter醫師開創介入放射學以來，介入治療已發展成臨床醫學中不可或缺的治療技術。作為中國介入放射學的開拓者之一，作者回顧介入放射學在中國的發展歷史過程中的重要節點，現狀及未來展望。尤其是基于自身和團隊的數十年的工作，展現了系列源于中國的創新技術與研究成果。
Since Dr. Charles T. Dotter pioneered interventional radiology in 1964, interventional therapy has evolved into an indispensable treatment technique in clinical medicine. As one of the pioneers of interventional radiology in China, the author reviews key milestones in the development of interventional radiology in China, its current status, and future prospects. In particular, based on decades of personal and team's work, the author presents a series of innovative technologies and research achievements, which represent, to some extent, the past and future of Chinese interventional radiology.
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講者：數理物理學部 陳松蹊院士
講題：超高分辨率統計數據同化及大氣、海洋科學數據集構造
Ultra High Resolution Statistical Data Assimilation for Atmospheric and Oceanic Reanalysis Datasets
再分析數據（RA）是通過融合物理模型與觀測數據生成的綜合性數據產品，是數據驅動型科學研究的重要基礎。近年來，這類數據被廣泛用於訓練人工智慧模型，並展現出優異性能。再分析數據能夠為動力系統預測提供高質量初始條件，同時幫助人工智慧模型在學習過程中自動捕捉潛在的物理規律，從而提升預測能力與物理一致性。
儘管觀測技術與物理模型的進步使高分辨率數據產品的生成成為可能，但狀態變量所呈現的超高維特性帶來了嚴峻的統計學挑戰。只有克服這些調整，超高分辨再分析數據產品的質量才能得到保障。以構建高分辨率全球陸地生態系統碳通量估計產品以及西太平洋大型科學數據集的任務為背景，本報告將展示高維統計研究如何賦能超高維數據同化，在提供理論保障的同時，實現比當前最先進的數據產品（CarbonTracker 和 GLORYS）更高的精度與預測性能。
Reanalysis data (RA) which are the results of combining physical model and observations are the foundations of data-driven scientific research, and are used to train AI models in recent years with impressive performances. RA generate high quality initial values for prediction of dynamic systems, and allows the AI models automatically pick up some underlying physics.
Although improved observation techniques and physical models have made high resolution data products possible, the ultra-high dimensionality of the state variables imposes much statistical challenges which has to overcome in order to attain high quality reanalysis data products. Motivated by tasks for producing high resolution global terrestrial ecosystems carbon influx estimates and a large scientific RA data set for the Western Pacific, I will show how high dimensional statistical research can empower data assimilation in very high dimensions, providing theoretical assurance, and achieving better accuracy and prediction performance than the data products produced by Carbon-Tracker and GLORYS, the two state-of-the-Art products.
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講者：地學部 陳發虎院士
講題：史前人類探索、適應和定居青藏高原：從消失的夏河丹尼索瓦人到現代智人
Prehistoric Human Occupation, Adaptation, and Permanent Settlement of the Tibetan Plateau: From the Extinct Xiahe Denisovans to Homo Sapiens
史前人類向青藏高原擴散及適應機制一直是學術界關注的熱點問題。作為世界上海拔最高的高原，青藏高原是人類最難生存的極端環境之一，其嚴酷的自然環境和缺氧問題對人類的生理和生計構成了雙重挑戰。現今，藏族、夏爾巴人等高原人群憑藉獨特的生理機制與行為模式，已然成功適應高海拔環境。其中，在高原人群高頻分佈的EPAS1單倍型在適應高海拔低氧環境的過程中發揮了關鍵作用。遺傳學研究顯示，這一適應性基因可能來源於已滅絕的古老型智人——丹尼索瓦人。然而，此前丹尼索瓦人的化石有且僅發現於海拔僅700米的西伯利亞阿爾泰山丹尼索瓦洞內，其與高原人群之間如何產生基因聯繫，成為亟待解決的關鍵問題。2019年，我們團隊圍繞在青藏高原東北部甘肅省夏河縣甘加盆地溶洞中發現的人類右側下頜骨化石開展系統研究，從體制人類學、年代學、古蛋白質組學等方面揭示該化石屬於丹尼索瓦人，其生活於距今16萬年前的寒冷冰期，為現代高原人群中的高海拔環境適應EPAS1基因找到了本地來源，也開啟了高原史前人類活動研究的新篇章。本報告依托研究團隊過去十餘年發表的包括夏河丹尼索瓦人等在內的一系列研究成果，結合其他團隊的考古發現與相關研究，系列梳理史前人類從探索、適應到定居青藏高原的階段性歷程。
The dispersal of prehistoric humans onto the Tibetan Plateau and the mechanisms underlying their adaptation have long been focal topics in academic research. As the highest plateau in the world, the Tibetan Plateau represents one of the most extreme environments for human habitation. Its harsh environment and hypoxic conditions pose challenges to human physiological adaptation and survival. Today, high-altitude populations such as Tibetans and Sherpas have successfully adapted to these environments through distinctive physiological mechanisms and behavioral strategies. Among these adaptations, the EPAS1 haplotype, which occurs at high frequency in plateau populations, plays a crucial role in coping with hypoxic conditions at high elevations. Genetic studies suggest that this adaptive variant may have been inherited from an extinct archaic human group—Denisovan. However, prior to this work, Denisovan fossils had been discovered only in Denisova Cave in the Altai Mountains of Siberia, at an altitude of only ~700 meters above sea level. How genetic connections between Denisovans and present-day high-altitude populations were established therefore remained a key unresolved question. In 2019, our group conducted a systematic study of a human right mandible fossil discovered in the Baishiya karst cave in the Ganjia Basin, Xiahe County, Gansu Province, located on the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. Through an integrated method combining physical anthropology, geochronology, and palaeoproteomics, we demonstrated that this fossil belonged to a Denisovan individual who lived ~ 160,000 years ago during a cold glacial period. This finding provides a local source for the EPAS1 gene associated with high-altitude adaptation in modern plateau populations and opens a new chapter in the study of prehistoric human activity on the Tibetan Plateau. Drawing on a series of research findings published by our group over the past decade, including studies of the Xiahe Denisovan, as well as archaeological discoveries and related research conducted by other groups, this presentation provides a systematic overview of the phased process through which prehistoric humans occupied, adapted to, and ultimately settled on the Tibetan Plateau.
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講者：地學部 潘永信院士
講題：地磁場與生命
Earths's Magnetic Field and Life
在地球系統中，地磁場保護著大氣層和水圈，並主導著近地空間環境。地磁場可部分遮罩宇宙輻射、調節氣候、引導生物遷徙，也會在岩石中留下其印記。在地球長期演化中，生命的起源與演化始終與地磁場（及其變化）相伴而行。因此，探究地磁場如何影響生命、影響程度已成為地球科學的重要基礎科學問題。近年來，本領域研究逐步發展成地球物理學中的一個交叉學科方向——即生物地磁學。本報告將基於多條生物地磁學證據脈絡，闡述地磁場對生物圈的影響，包括對現代磁敏感生物（如遷徙動物、趨磁細菌）的實驗觀測，以及對深時地球物理和地質記錄（如地磁倒轉記錄）的分析。此外，也將簡要介紹納米磁性顆粒（如磁小體、磁性鐵蛋白）生物合成方面的研究新進展。最後，探討生物地磁學領域的挑戰與機遇。生物地磁學領域具有交叉學科特質、研究範圍廣、研究複雜度高、實驗觀測資料匱乏，這些既構成研究挑戰，也蘊含發展機遇。
In Earth's system, the geomagnetic field protects the atmosphere and hydrosphere and is a major control on near-Earth space environments. It shields us from cosmic radiation, shapes climate, guides migratory animals, and leaves its fingerprints in the rocks beneath our feet. Throughout the entirety of geological history, organisms have originated and coevolved with the geomagnetic field and its variations. Therefore, understanding 金 and to what extent the geomagnetic field and its variability influence life is a fundamental scientific question, and is becoming an interdisciplinary branch in geophysics, i.e., biogeomagnetism. I will present multiple lines of biogeomagnetic evidence in understanding of the geomagnetic field effects on biosphere, including experimental observations on modern magnetosensitive organisms (e.g., migrating animals, magnetotactic bacteria) and deep-time geophysical and geological records (e.g., reversal records). Indeed, the geomagnetic field is critical for life. Moreover, progresses on biosynthesis of nanosized magnetic particles (e.g., magnetosome, magnetoferritin) will be introduced. The interdisciplinary nature and remarkable complexity and breadth of the research scope, coupled with the scarcity of data, present both challenges and opportunities. I will discuss these challenges and opportunities, mapping out future research directions and potential breakthroughs in biogeomagnetism.
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講者：信息技術科學部 孫洪波院士
講題：激光超精密特種製造：從基礎研究到工程應用
Laser Precision Manufacturing, from Fundamental Research to Industrial Applications
現有納米製造技術需要納米特徵尺寸的工具（切削刃厚度、錐尖尺寸、粒子束直徑等）或模板作用於被加工對象方可實現。與實物工具相比，光子直接作為加工手段，具有可變形、無損耗等獨特優勢，但由光學衍射極限尺寸（可見光中心波長550納米）定義的加工精度需要提升一個數量級才能滿足“納米”製備的需求。本報告介紹報告人團隊利用飛秒激光進行光與物質相互作用非線性調控、實現亞10納米分辨率三維加工的系列工作，涵蓋從智慧微納機器人到光量子集成芯片等多個領域，由此製備的核心器件，已在國家重要工程中獲得不可替代的應用。
Femtosecond laser manufacturing is unique in three-dimensional (3D) prototyping capability, and it also may be utilized for producing fine structures from hard-processing transparent materials due to the high-field feature of a femtosecond laser. A vital question is how nanoscale fabrication accuracy may be achieved since the light-solid matter interactions are generally violent. Several new findings that we prove valid to minimize interaction volume, including optical far-field induced near-field breakdown (O-FIB) effect, surface plasmon polariton imprinting effect, and combinative usage of multi-photon and threshold effect will be introduced. As a result, we improve the fabrication spatial resolution of transparent solid materials from the conventional optical-diffraction limit (hundreds of nanometers) to a new limit, quantum limit, which is material dependent (several nanometers).
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